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There are two types of ablatives that you can find around comparisons, the ablative of comparison that means "than", and the ablative of degree of difference, a mouthful to say, in which the ablative modifies the comparison. It's very common to treat this ablative like an adverb, multō, meaning "much" (or literally, "by much"). This video explains the nuts and bolts behind this.
91 rules of grammar cases nouns
One of the more common prepositions in Latin is cum, meaning "with". When it's used to show a companion to some action, we see the ablative of accompaniment. But be careful, sometimes the cum is omitted, especially in Caesar.
Many uses of the ablative case are the noun used adverbially, and the ablative of manner, used with the preposition cum, illustrates this very easily. She arrived "with great speed" might be better translated with the adverb "very quickly". This video is the first of two that explore the use of cum, meaning "with".
Similar to the previous rule with ūtor and the other PUFF-V deponents, the words opus and ūsus, when they signify need, take the ablative case. This is technically the ablative of means, and has a variety of different variations, including substantive perfect participles and the ablative supine.
There are five deponent verbs which take their object in the ablative case, rather than the accusative case. These are the PUFF-V, potior, utor, fruor, fungor, and vēscor, and this ablative is an ablative of means. In this video, we also explore more about what makes a verb deponent and why this ablative makes sense.
91 rules of grammar cases nouns verbs
We move on from our survey of the separative ablative by looking at the ablative when used as means or instrument. This use originates in the old instrumental case, not found in Latin, so the ablative case is used instead. We translate the ablative of means with a "by" or "with" ("by means of" is literal). In this video, I discuss how the ablative of means differs from the ablative of agent, which is used in similar situations.
We will take a break from our review of the ablative case to look a bit more closely at comparisons. We previously had learned about how the ablative case can be used to show comparison, but quam, meaning "than", is much more common and useful in this regard. This video covers all the uses of quam with the comparative, and is meant to be paired with rule number 45, on the ablative of comparison.
91 rules of grammar adjectives cases nouns
Part of the ablative of separation is the ablative with comparisons, which is commonly translated in English with "than". It's also important to know that quam, "than", is also used with comparisons. This video goes in depth about when to use the ablative and when to use quam, as well as explaining its origin as an ablative of separation.
We often see the ablative of agent with passive verbs, identifying who the doer of the action is (since the subject in a passive sentence receives the action). In Latin, the ablative of agent always follows the preposition ab/ā, which makes it different from the ablative of means (itself found in passive sentences). Learn more about this ablative and how it different from other uses of the ablative, accusative, and dative.
The ablative case can be used to show the cause of the action, in the sense of "we were praised because of our kindness". This stems from the ablative of separation, where the cause originates "from" a specific act, characteristic, etc. Also part of this ablative are the prepositions causā and grātiā, which take a preceding genitive, e.g., exemplī grātiā.
